Analysis of the Effects of Different Cyber Attacks on the Secondary Controller in Island Microgrids
Subject Areas : electrical and computer engineering
Abdollah
Mirzabeigi
1
(ACECR)
ali
kalantarnia
2
(ACECR)
Keywords: Islanded microgrid, cyber-attacks, multi-agent systems, distributed hierarchical controllers,
Abstract :
With the advancement of science, in many control methods, the neighbor system is used to better control and synchronize between different information of microgrids. There are problems in accessing and transmitting information through communication links. In this article, vulnerability and acceptance of secondary control methods are distributed. Also, denial-of-service (DoS) cyber-attacks, sensors and actuators, and hijacking on the island microgrid have been investigated. In addition to stability, synchronization is also analyzed in this article. Multi-agent systems have been used for synchronization. Cyber-attacks are mathematically formulated in the controller. A suitable controller is designed to eliminate the attacks. In the stability and synchronization of frequency and voltage, the Lyapunov function is presented and simultaneous analysis of stability and synchronization has been done with practical proofs. The resilience factor has been calculated for different attacks. It is shown that the system is resilient against cyber-attacks. A case study has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to approve the theoretical issues.
[1] J. J. Justo, F. Mwasilu, J. Lee, and J. W. Jung, "AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with distributed energy resources: a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 24, pp. 387-405, Aug. 2013.
[2] A. Solat, G. B. Gharehpetian, M. S. Naderi, and A. Anvari-Moghaddam, "On the control of microgrids against cyber-attacks: a review of methods and applications," Applied Energy, pt A, vol. 353, Article ID: 122037, 2024.
[3] ع. میرزابیگی، ع. کاظمی، م. رمضانی و س. م. عظیمی، "طراحی کنترل¬کننده ثانویه پایه¬ریزی¬شده بر روی کنترل اشتراکی توزیع شده منابع تولید پراکنده (DGها) با رویکرد سیستم¬های چندعامله با درنظرگرفتن حملات سایبری DoS،" نشریه مهندسی برق و مهندسی کامپيوتر ايران، الف- مهندسی برق، سال 20، شماره 4، صص. 292-280، زمستان 1401.
[4] O. Ali, T. L. Nguyen, and O. A. Mohammed, "Assessment of cyber-physical inverter-based microgrid control performance under communication delay and cyber-attacks," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 3, Article ID: 997, 23 pp., 2024.
[5] S. Derakhshan, M. Shafiee-Rad, Q. Shafiee, and M. R. Jahed-Motlagh, "Decentralized robust voltage control of islanded AC microgrids: an LMI-based H approach," in Proc. IEEE, 11th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conf., PEDSTC'24, 6 pp., Tehran, Iran, 4-6 Feb. 2020.
[6] A. Bidram and A. Davoudi, "Hierarchical structure of microgrids control system," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1963-1976, Dec. 2012.
[7] A. Bidram, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi, "Distributed control systems for small-scale power networks: using multiagent cooperative control theory," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 56-77, Dec. 2014.
[8] Y. Wang, C. Deng, Y. Liu, and Z. Wei, "A cyber-resilient control approach for islanded microgrids under hybrid attacks," International J. of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 147, Article ID: 108889, May 2023.
[9] Z. Shahbazi, A. Ahmadi, A. Karimi, and Q. Shafiee, "Performance and vulnerability of distributed secondary control of AC microgrids under cyber-attack," in Proc. 7th IEEE Int. Conf. on Control, Instrumentation and Automation, ICCIA'21, 6 pp., Tabriz, Iran, 23-24 Feb. 2021.
[10] S. Zuo, T. Altun, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi, "Distributed resilient secondary control of DC microgrids against unbounded attacks," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 3850-3859, Sept. 2020.
[11] B. Wang, Q. Sun, and D. Ma, "A periodic event-triggering reactive power sharing control in an islanded microgrid considering DoS attacks," in Proc. 15th IEEE Conf. on Industrial Electronics and Applications, ICIEA'20, pp. 170-175, Kristiansand, Norway, 9-13 Nov. 2020.
[12] R. Lu and J. Wang, "Distributed control for AC microgrids with false data injection attacks and time delays," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Advances in Energy and Environment Research, ICAERA'24, vol. 194, Article ID: 03023, 5 pp., Shanghai, China, 18-20 Sept. 2020.
[13] S. Tan, P. Xie, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, "False data injection cyber-attacks detection for multiple DC microgrid clusters," Applied Energy, vol. 310, Article ID: 118425, 15 Mar. 2022.
[14] ع. میرزابیگی، ع. کاظمی، م. رمضانی و س. م. عظیمی، " پایدارسازی و سنکرون‌سازی ریزشبکه جزیره‌ای با حضور خطا و حمله سایبری سنسوری و عملگری با طراحی کنترل‌کننده ثانویه،" نشریه مهندسی برق و مهندسی کامپيوتر ايران، الف- مهندسی برق، سال 21، شماره 3، صص. 154-141، پاییز 1402.
[15] B. Xia, S. Fan, L. Ding, and C. Deng, "Distributed dynamic event-triggered resilient control for AC microgrids under FDI attacks," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1406-1416, Mar. 2024.
[16] B. Wang, Q. Sun, R. Han, and D. Ma, "Consensus-based secondary frequency control under denial-of-service attacks of distributed generations for microgrids," J. of the Franklin Institute, vol. 358, no. 1, pp. 114-130, Jan. 2021.
[17] J. Liu, X. Lu, and J. Wang, "Resilience analysis of DC microgrids under denial of service threats," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 3199-3208, Jul. 2019.
[18] X. Chen, J. Zhou, M. Shi, Y. Chen, and J. Wen, "Distributed resilient control against denial of service attacks in DC microgrids with constant power load," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 153, Article ID: 111792, Jan. 2022.
[19] M. Shi, X. Chen, M. Shahidehpour, Q. Zhou, and J. Wen, "Observer-based resilient integrated distributed control against cyberattacks on sensors and actuators in islanded AC microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1953-1963, May 2021.
[20] H. Yan, J. Han, H. Zhang, X. Zhan, and Y. Wang, "Adaptive event-triggered predictive control for finite time microgrid," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 1035-1044, Mar. 2020.
[21] S. Deng, L. Chen, X. Lu, T. Zheng, and S. Mei, "Distributed finite-time secondary frequency control of islanded microgrids with enhanced operational flexibility," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1733-1742, Sept. 2021.
[22] P. Chen, S. Liu, B. Chen, and L. Yu, "Multi-agent reinforcement learning for decentralized resilient secondary control of energy storage systems against DoS attacks," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1739-1750, May. 2022.
[23] A. Karimi, A. Ahmadi, Z. Shahbazi, H. Bevrani, and Q. Shafiee, "On the impact of cyber-attacks on distributed secondary control of DC microgrids," in Proc. IEEE 10th Smart Grid Conf., SGC'20, 6 pp., Kashan, Iran, 16-17 Dec. 2020.
[24] S. Liu, Z. Hu, X. Wang, and L. Wu, "Stochastic stability analysis and control of secondary frequency regulation for islanded microgrids under random denial of service attacks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 4066-4075, Jul. 2018.
[25] S. Sahoo, T. Dragičević, and F. Blaabjerg, "Multilayer resilience paradigm against cyber attacks in DC microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 2522-2532, Mar. 2020.
[26] J. Yang, J. Dai, H. B. Gooi, H. D. Nguyen, and A. Paudel, "A proof-of-authority blockchain-based distributed control system for islanded microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 8287-8297, Nov. 2022.
[27] R. Yan, Y. Wang, J. Dai, Y. Xu, and A. Q. Liu, "Quantum-key-distribution-based microgrid control for cybersecurity enhancement," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 3076-3086, May/Jun. 2022.
[28] C. Deng, Y. Wang, C. Wen, Y. Xu, and P. Lin, "Distributed resilient control for energy storage systems in cyber-physical microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1331-1341, Feb. 2021.
[29] Y. Chen, D. Qi, H. Dong, C. Li, Z. Li, and J. Zhang, "A FDI attack-resilient distributed secondary control strategy for islanded microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1929-1938, May 2021.
[30] H. Dong, C. Li, and Y. Zhang, "Resilient consensus of multi-agent systems against malicious data injections," J. of the Franklin Institute, vol. 357, no. 4, pp. 2217-2231, Mar. 2020.
[31] F. L. Lewis, H. Zhang, K. Hengster-Movric, and A. Das, Cooperative Control of Multi-Agent Systems: Optimal and Adaptive Design Approaches, SpringerLink, 2014.
[32] B. P. Poudel, A. Mustafa, A. Bidram, and H. Modares, "Detection and mitigation of cyber-threats in the DC microgrid distributed control system," International J. of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 120, Article ID: 105968, Sept. 2020.
[33] A. Mirzabeigi, A. Kazemy, M. Ramezani, and S. M. Azimi, "Distributed robust cooperative hierarchical control for island microgrids under hijacking attacks based on multiagent systems," International Trans. on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 2023, Article ID: 6622346, 15 pp., 2023.
[34] Q. Shafiee, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, "Distributed secondary control for islanded microgrids-a novel approach," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1018-1031, Feb. 2014.
[35] M. Shi, et al., "PI-consensus based distributed control of AC microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 2268-2278, May. 2020.
[36] X. Lu, X. Yu, J. Lai, J. M. Guerrero, and H. Zhou, "Distributed secondary voltage and frequency control for islanded microgrids with uncertain communication links," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 448-460, Apr. 2012.
[37] J. W. Simpson-Porco, et al., "Secondary frequency and voltage control of islanded microgrids via distributed averaging," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 7025-7038, Nov. 2015.
[38] N. Pogaku, M. Prodanovic, and T. C. Green, "Modeling, analysis and testing of autonomous operation of an inverter-based microgrid," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 613-625, Mar. 2007.
[39] X. M. Zhang, Q. L. Han, X. Ge, and L. Ding, "Resilient control design based on a sampled-data model for a class of networked control systems under denial-of-service attacks," IEEE Trans. on Cybernetics, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 3616-3626, Aug. 2020.
[40] A. Kazemy, J. Lam, and Z. Chang, "Adaptive event-triggered mechanism for networked control systems under deception attacks with uncertain occurring probability," International J. of Systems Science, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1426-1439, May 2021.
[41] N. M. Dehkordi and S. Z. Moussavi, "Distributed resilient adaptive control of islanded microgrids under sensor/actuator faults," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 2699-2708, May 2020.
[42] S. Sahoo, J. C. H. Peng, S. Mishra, and T. Dragičević, "Distributed screening of hijacking attacks in DC microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 7574-7582, Jul. 2020.
[43] W. Yao, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, and C. Deng, "Cyber-resilient control of an islanded microgrid under latency attacks and random DoS attacks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 5858-5869, Apr. 2023.
[44] A. Karimi, A. Ahmadi, Z. Shahbazi, Q. Shafiee, and H. Bevrani, "A resilient control method against false data injection attack in DC microgrids," in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Conf. on Control, Instrumentation and Automation, ICCIA'21, 6 pp., Tabriz, Iran, 23-24 Feb. 2021.
[45] A. Bidram, B. Poudel, L. Damodaran, R. Fierro, and J. M. Guerrero, "Resilient and cybersecure distributed control of inverter-based islanded microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 3881-3894, Jun. 2020.
[46] Z. Li, M. Shahidehpour, F. Aminifar, A. Alabdulwahab, and Y. Al-Turki, "Networked microgrids for enhancing the power system resilience," in Proceeding of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 1289-1310, Jul. 2017.
[47] H. Zhang, F. L. Lewis, and A. Das, "Optimal design for synchronization of cooperative systems: state feedback, observer and output feedback," IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1948-1952, Aug. 2011.
[48] Z. Qu, Cooperative Control of Dynamical Systems: Applications to Autonomous Vehicles, Springer Science & Business Media, 2009.