استفاده از روش‌های پردازش سیگنال برای تخمین امپدانس شبکه‌های قدرت ولتاژ پایین در محدوده فرکانسی kHz 2 تا kHz 150
محورهای موضوعی : مهندسی برق و کامپیوترمحمدمهدی علیان‌نژادی 1 * , حمید حسن‌پور 2 , فیروز زارع 3
1 - دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود
2 - دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود
3 - دانشگاه کوییزلند استرالیا
کلید واژه: پاسخ فرکانسیتبدیل موجکتخمین امپدانس شبکهتوزیع زمان- فرکانس,
چکیده مقاله :
در این مقاله با تزریق پالس مربعی به شبکه‌های قدرت ولتاژ پایین و بهره‌گیری از روش‌های پردازش سیگنال، امپدانس شبکه در محدوده فرکانسی kHz 2 تا kHz 150 تخمین زده می‌شود. امپدانس شبکه از دید یک نقطه به صورت نسبت سیگنال ولتاژ به جریان عبوری از آن نقطه در حوزه فرکانس محاسبه می‌شود. در شرایط نویزی دقت تخمین امپدانس با انرژی سیگنال تزریقی رابطه مستقیم دارد. به منظور تخمین امپدانس باید سیگنال‌های تزریقی انرژی کافی در محدوده فرکانسی مورد اندازه‌گیری را داشته باشد. در روش ارائه‌شده، ابتدا تعدادی پالس مربعی با عرض متفاوت به کمک الگوریتم ژنتیک انتخاب می‌شوند. پس از تزریق سیگنال‌های انتخاب‌شده به شبکه و اندازه‌گیری پاسخ شبکه به هر تزریق، سیگنال‌های اندازه‌گیری حذف نویز می‌شوند و بنابراین دقت تخمین امپدانس بیشتر می‌شود. اگر مدت زمان اندازه‌گیری سیگنال‌ها کم باشد، همه حالت گذرای شبکه اندازه‌گیری نشده و تخمین امپدانس نادرست خواهد بود. بنابراین در این مقاله روشی مبتنی بر توزیع‌های زمان- فرکانس به منظور تعیین مدت زمان لازم برای اندازه‌گیری پیشنهاد می‌شود. نتایج آزمایش روش پیشنهادی بر روی چندین شبکه نشان‌دهنده توانایی و دقت روش پیشنهادی در تخمین امپدانس شبکه می‌باشد.
In this paper, the impedance of low voltage grids in frequency range of 2 kHz - 150 kHz is estimated using rectangular pulse injections and signal processing techniques. The grid impedance is defined as division of voltage signal to current signal in frequency domain. In noisy condition, the accuracy of impedance estimation is directly dependent to energy of injected signal. The injection signal must has sufficient energy in the frequency range of estimation for an accurate impedance estimation. In the proposed method, several injection signals with different widths are selected with the Genetic algorithm. The grid responses to the injected signals are measured and then denoised for an accurate impedance estimation. When the measurement duration is low, the whole transient state of the grid is not measured; hence the impedance estimation is not accurate. Therefore, in this paper a method is proposed for determining the best measurement duration for impedance estimation using Time-Frequency distributions. The proposed method is applied on several simulated grids and the results show the ability and accuracy of the proposed method in grid impedance estimation.
[1] D. Frey, J. Schanen, and I. Dia, "Harmonics propagation in industrial networks in the range of 2 to 150 kHz," in Proc. 28th Annual, Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Exposition, APEC'13, pp. 2649-2654, Long Beach, USA ,17-21 Mar. 2013.
[2] P. Davari, F. Blaabjerg, E. Hoene, and F. Zare, "Improving 9-150 kHz EMI performance of single-phase PFC rectifier," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Integrated Power Electronics Systems, 6 pp., Stuttgart, Germany, 20-22 Mar. 2018.
[3] F. Zare, et al., "Harmonic emissions of three-phase diode rectifiers in distribution networks," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 2819-2833, Feb. 2017.
[4] S. K. Ronnberg, M. H. J. Bollen, H. Amaris, G. W. Chang, I. Y. H. Gu, L. H. Kocewiak, et al., "On waveform distortion in the frequency range of 2kHz-150kHz-review and research challenges," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 150, pp. 1-10, May 2017.
[5] S. Schottke, S. Rademacher, J. Meyer, and P. Schegner, "Transfer characteristic of a MV/LV transformer in the frequency range between 2 kHz and 150 kHz," in Proc. Int. Symp. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC'15, , pp. 114-119, Dresden, Germany, 16-22 Aug 2015.
[6] D. Heirman, "EMC standards activity," IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 100-103, Jul. 2014.
[7] I. E. Commission, TC 77-Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2017.
[8] J. Dannehl, M. Liserre, and F. W. Fuchs, "Filter-based active damping of voltage source converters with LCL filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3623-3633, Aug. 2011.
[9] H. Langkowski, T. Do Thanh, K. D. Dettmann, and D. Schulz, "Grid impedance determination-relevancy for grid integration of renewable energy systems," in Proc. 35th Annual Conf. of Industrial Electronics, pp. 516-521, Porto, Portugal, 3-5 Nov. 2009.
[10] M. H. Bierhoff and F. W. Fuchs, "Active damping for three-phase PWM rectifiers with high-order line-side filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 371-379, Oct. 2009.
[11] M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, "On-line grid impedance estimation based on harmonic injection for grid-connected PV inverter," in Proc. Int. Symp. on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2437-2442, Vigo, Spain, 4-7 Jun. 2007.
[12] M. Cespedes and J. Sun, "Adaptive control of grid-connected inverters based on online grid impedance measurements," IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 516-523, Jan. 2014.
[13] A. Tarkiainen, R. Pollanen, M. Niemela, and J. Pyrhonen, "Identification of grid impedance for purposes of voltage feedback active filtering," IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6-10, Mar. 2004.
[14] J. Ye, Z. Zhang, A. Shen, J. Xu, and F. Wu, "Kalman filter based grid impedance estimating for harmonic order scheduling method of active power filter with output LCL filter," in Proc. In.l Symp. on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, SPEEDAM'16, pp. 359-364, Anacapri, Italy, 22-24 Jun. 2016.
[15] L. Asiminoaei, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, and U. Borup, "A digital controlled PV-inverter with grid impedance estimation for ENS detection," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1480-1490, Nov. 2005.
[16] K. Jia, H. Wei, T. Bi, D. W. Thomas, and M. Sumner, "An islanding detection method for multi-DG systems based on high-frequency impedance estimation," IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 74-83, Jan. 2017.
[17] A. Ghanem, M. Rashed, M. Sumner, M. A. Elsayes, and I. I. Mansy, "Grid impedance estimation for islanding detection and adaptive control of converters," IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1279-1288, Jul. 2017.
[18] M. M. AlyanNezhadi, F. Zare, and H. Hassanpour, "Grid impedance estimation using several short-term low power signal injections," AUT J. of Electrical Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 169-176, Dec. 2018.
[19] M. M. AlyanNezhadi, H. Hassanpour, and F. Zare, "Grid impedance estimation using low power signal injection in noisy measurement condition based on wavelet denoising," in Proc. 3rd Iranian Conf. on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing, pp. 81-86, Shahrood, Iran, 20-21 Dec. 2017.
[20] M. M. AlyanNezhadi, H. Hassanpour, and F. Zare, "A new high frequency grid impedance estimation technique for the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz," International J. of Engineering, Trans. A: Basics, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1666-1674, Oct. 2018.
[21] H. Gong, D. Yang, and X. Wang, "Impact of synchronization phase dynamics on DQ impedance measurement," in Proc. 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics, 7 pp., Padua, Italy, 25-28 Jun. 2018.
[22] Y. Familiant, K. A. Corzine, J. Huang, and M. Belkhayat, "AC impedance measurement techniques," in Proc. Int. Conf. on Electric Machines and Drives, pp. 1850-1857, San Antonio, USA, 15-15 May 2005.
[23] L. S. Czarnecki and Z. Staroszczyk, "Dynamic on-line measurement of equivalent parameters of three-phase systems for harmonic frequencies," European Trans. on Electrical Power, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 329-336, Sept. 1996.
[24] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and J. Sun, "Online grid impedance measurement using discrete-interval binary sequence injection," IEEE J. of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 985-993, Dec. 2014.
[25] Z. Shen, M. Jaksic, P. Mattavelli, D. Boroyevich, J. Verhulst, and M. Belkhayat, "Three-phase AC system impedance measurement unit using chirp signal injection," in Proc. 28th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Exposition, APEC'13, pp. 2666-2673, Long Beach, USA, 17-21 Mar. 2013.
[26] M. Ciobotaru, V. Agelidis, and R. Teodorescu, "Line impedance estimation using model based identification technique," in Proc. of the 14th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, 9 pp., Birmingham, UK, 30 August-1 Sept. 2011.
[27] Z. Staroszczyk, "A method for real-time, wide-band identification of the source impedance in power systems," IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 377-385, Jan. 2005.
[28] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and J. Sun, "Broadband methods for online grid impedance measurement," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 3003-3010, Denver, USA, 15-19 Sept 2013.
[29] S. Neshvad, S. Chatzinotas, and J. Sachau, "Wideband identification of power network parameters using pseudo-random binary sequences on power inverters," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2293-2301, Feb. 2015.
[30] P. Davari, N. Ghasemi, F. Zare, P. O'shea, and A. Ghosh, "Improving the efficiency of high power piezoelectric transducers for industrial applications," IET Science, Measurement & Technology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 213-221, Jul. 2012.
[31] T. Messo, R. Luhtala, T. Roinila, D. Yang, X. Wang, and F. Blaabjerg, "Real-time impedance-based stability assessment of grid converter interactions," in Proc. 18th Workshop on, Control and Modeling for Power Electronics, COMPEL'17, 8 pp., Stanford, USA, 9-12 Jul. 2017.
[32] T. Roinila and T. Messo, "Online grid-impedance measurement using ternary-sequence injection," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 5097-5103, Apr. 2018.
[33] S. Han, D. Kodaira, S. Han, B. Kwon, Y. Hasegawa, and H. Aki, "An automated impedance estimation method in low-voltage distribution network for coordinated voltage regulation," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1012-1020, Nov. 2016.
[34] B. L. Eidson, D. L. Geiger, and M. Halpin, "Equivalent power system impedance estimation using voltage and current measurements," in Proc. Power Systems Conf., PSC'14, 6 pp., Clemson, USA, 11-14 Mar. 2014.
[35] B. Fridholm, T. Wik, and M. Nilsson, "Robust recursive impedance estimation for automotive lithium-ion batteries," J. of Power Sources, vol. 304, pp. 33-41, Feb. 2016.
[36] M. Sumner, D. Thomas, A. Abusorrah, and P. Zanchetta, "Power system impedance estimation for improved active filter control, using continuous wavelet transforms," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transmission Distribution Conf. Exhibit, pp. 653-658, Dallas, TX, USA, 21-24 May 2006.
[37] M. R. M. Yusof and A. K. B. Ariffin, Using Steins Unbiased Risk Estimate to Optimize Level of Decomposition in Stationary Wavelet Transform Denoising, arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.03594, 2017.
[38] M. Srivastava, C. L. Anderson, and J. H. Freed, "A new wavelet denoising method for selecting decomposition levels and noise thresholds," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 3862-3877, Jul. 2016.
[39] L. Stankovic, M. Dakovic, and T. Thayaparan, Time-Frequency Signal Analysis with Applications, Artech house, 2014.