بررسی و ارزیابی عملکرد وب‌سرورهای Apache و Nginx بر بستر کانتینرهای داکر، پادمن و LXC

چکیده مقاله :

گسترش خدمات ابری، ضرورت بهره‌گیری از روش‌های مجازی‌سازی به‌منظور استفاده بهینه از منابع سخت‌افزاری را افزایش داده است. در گذشته، ماشین‌های مجازی گزینه اصلی برای مجازی‌سازی بودند، اما با ظهور کانتینرها، امکان حذف سیستم‌عامل اضافه و کاهش سربار منابع فراهم شد. فناوری‌هایی مانند داکر، پادمن و LXC در این حوزه کاربرد گسترده‌ای پیدا کرده‌اند. در همین راستا، وب‌سرورهای Nginx و Apache نیز برای سازگاری با این فناوری‌ها بهینه‌سازی شده‌اند. در این مقاله، عملکرد این دو وب‌سرور بر بستر کانتینرهای مختلف و تحت شرایط گوناگون منابع و همروندی بررسی شده است. آزمایش‌ها نشان می‌دهند که انتخاب نوع کانتینر به نوع وب‌سرور و میزان منابع بستگی دارد. در محیط‌های با منابع محدود، استفاده از LXC برای Apache نتایج بهتری داشته است. در مقابل، در شرایط با منابع بیشتر، داکر برای اجرای Nginx عملکرد مطلوب‌تری ارائه کرده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند به تصمیم‌گیری بهتر در انتخاب ترکیب مناسب کانتینر و وب‌سرور بر اساس نیازهای زیرساختی کمک کند.

چکیده انگلیسی :

The expansion of cloud services has highlighted the necessity of virtualization methods for optimal use of hardware resources. While virtual machines were traditionally the main solution for virtualization, the emergence of containers has enabled the elimination of additional operating systems and reduced resource overhead. Technologies such as Docker, Podman, and LXC have gained widespread adoption in this domain. Concurrently, web servers like Nginx and Apache have been optimized for compatibility with these technologies. This paper evaluates the performance of these two web servers across different container platforms under various resource and concurrency conditions. The experiments indicate that the choice of container depends significantly on the web server type and the available resources. In resource-constrained environments, LXC shows better performance for Apache. Conversely, under higher resource availability, Docker yields superior results for running Nginx. The findings of this research can guide better decision-making when selecting the optimal combination of container technology and web server based on infrastructural requirements.

منابع و مأخذ:

[1] N. Fazuludeen, S. S. Banu, A. Gupta, and V. Swathi, "Challenges and issues of managing the virtualization environment through Vmware Vsphere," Nanotechnology Perceptions, vol. 20, no. S1, pp. 281-292, 2024.
[2] A. M. Potdar, D. Narayan, S. Kengond, and M. M. Mulla, "Performance evaluation of docker container and virtual machine," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 171, pp. 1419-1428, 2020.
[3] S. Lozano, T. Lugo, and J. Carretero, "A comprehensive survey on the use of hypervisors in safety-critical systems," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 36244-36263, 2023.
[4] A. Bhardwaj and C. R. Krishna, "Virtualization in cloud computing: moving from hypervisor to containerization-a survey," Arabian J. for Science and Engineering, vol. 46, pp. 8585-8601, 2021.
[5] R. Ranjan, I. S. Thakur, G. S. Aujla, N. Kumar, and A. Y. Zomaya, "Energy-efficient workflow scheduling using container-based virtualization in software-defined data centers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 7646-7657, Dec. 2020.
[6] K. Wang, et al., "Characterizing and optimizing Kernel resource isolation for containers," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 141, pp. 218-229, Apr. 2023.
[7] G. Rodriguez, et al., "Understanding and addressing the allocation of microservices into containers: a review," IETE J. of Research, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 3887-3900, 2024.
[8] A. Ganne, "Cloud data security methods: Kubernetes vs Docker swarm," International Research J. of Modernization in Engineering Technology, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1-6, 2022.
[9] G. Li, et al., "The convergence of container and traditional virtualization: strengths and limitations," SN Computer Science, vol. 4, no. 4, Article ID: 387, 2023.
[10] M. Sobieraj and D. Kotyński, "Docker performance evaluation across operating systems," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 15, Article ID: 6672, 2024.
[11] W. Shen, et al., "Towards understanding and defeating abstract resource attacks for container platforms," IEEE Trans. on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 474-490, Jan./Feb. 2024.
[12] D. Pennino and M. Pizzonia, Toward Scalable Docker-Based Emulations of Blockchain Networks for Research and Development, arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.14610, 2024.
[13] S. A. Baker, H. H. Mohammed, and O. I. Alsaif, "Docker container security analysis based on virtualization technologies," International J. for Computers & Their Applications, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 69-78, 2024.
[14] N. Zhou, H. Zhou, and D. Hoppe, "Containerization for high performance computing systems: survey and prospects," IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 2722-2740, Apr. 2022.
[15] N. Singh, et al., "Load balancing and service discovery using Docker Swarm for microservice based big data applications," J. of Cloud Computing, vol. 12, Article ID: 4, 2023.
[16] S. T. Arzo, et al., "Softwarized and containerized microservices-based network management analysis with MSN," Computer Networks, vol. 254, Article ID: 110750, Dec. 2024.
[17] O. I. Alqaisi, A. Ş. Tosun, and T. Korkmaz, "Performance analysis of container technologies for computer vision applications on edge devices," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 41852-41869, 2024.
[18] D. Silva, J. Rafael, and A. Fonte, "Toward optimal virtualization: an updated comparative analysis of docker and LXD container technologies," Computers, vol. 13, no. 4, Article ID: 94, Apr. 2024.
[19] S. Tarasiuk, D. Traczuk, K. Szczepaniuk, P. Stoń, and J. Smołka, "Performance evaluation of designated containerization and virtualization solutions using a synthetic benchmark," J. of Computer Sciences Institute, vol. 32, pp. 157-162, 2024.
[20] D. P. VS, S. C. Sethuraman, and M. K. Khan, "Container security: precaution levels, mitigation strategies, and research perspectives," Computers & Security, vol. 135, Article ID: 103490, Dec. 2023.
[21] K. Senjab, S. Abbas, N. Ahmed, and A. U. R. Khan, "A survey of Kubernetes scheduling algorithms," J. of Cloud Computing, vol. 12, Article ID: 87, 2023.
[22] E. Truyen, H. Xie, and W. Joosen, "Vendor-agnostic reconfiguration of kubernetes clusters in cloud federations," Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 2, Article ID: 63, Feb. 2023.
[23] R. Queiroz, T. Cruz, J. Mendes, P. Sousa, and P. Simões, "Container-based virtualization for real-time industrial systems-a systematic review," ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 56, no. 3, Article ID: 59, Mar. 2023.
[24] A. Alamoush and H. Eichelberger, "Open source container orchestration for industry 4.0-requirements and systematic feature analysis," International J. on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, vol. 26, pp. 527-550, 2024.
[25] O. Flauzac, F. Mauhourat, and F. Nolot, "A review of native container security for running applications," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 175, pp. 157-164, 2020.
[26] S. Kaiser, M. S. Haq, A. Ş. Tosun, and T. Korkmaz, "Container technologies for arm architecture: a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 84853-84881, 2022.
[27] J. P. Martin, A. Kandasamy, and K. Chandrasekaran, "Exploring the support for high performance applications in the container runtime environment," Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 8, Article ID: 63, 15 pp., 2018.
[28] E. Casalicchio and S. Iannucci, "The state‐of‐the‐art in container technologies: application, orchestration and security," Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 32, no. 17, Article ID: e5668, Sept. 2020.
[29] D. Moreau, K. Wiebels, and C. Boettiger, "Containers for computational reproducibility," Nature Reviews Methods Primers, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 50, 2023.
[30] V. P. M. John, "A study on cloud container technology," i-Manager's J. on Cloud Computing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7-16, Jan./Jun. 2023.
[31] H. Liu, W. Zhu, S. Fu, and Y. Lu, "A trend detection-based auto-scaling method for containers in high-concurrency scenarios," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 71821-71834, 2024.
[32] Z. P. Putro and R. A. Supono, "Comparison analysis of apache and Nginx webserver load balancing on proxmox VE in supporting server performance," International Research J. of Advanced Engineering and Science, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 144-151, 2022.
[33] C. T. Yeh, T. M. Chen, and Z. J. Liu, "Flexible IoT cloud application for ornamental fish recognition using YOLOv3 model," Sensors & Materials, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1229-1240, 2022.
[34] M. Kwon, et al., "Deterministic I/O and resource isolation for OS-level virtualization in server computing." in Proc. 12th Annual Non-Volatile Memories Workshop, 2 pp., 7-21 Mar. 2021.
[35] D. Šandor and M. Bagić Babac, "Designing scalable event-driven systems with message-oriented architecture," Distributed Intelligent Circuits and Systems, Ch. 2, pp. World Scientific, 2024.
[36] D. DeJonghe, Nginx Cookbook, O'Reilly Media, 2020.